Six banks have been fined $5.7bn (£3.6bn) by authorities in America and the UK for rigging foreign exchange markets. Barclays, Royal Bank of Scotland, JPMorgan, UBS, Citigroup and Bank of America were handed the sum, the biggest combined bank settlement in history, on Wednesday afternoon. Separate fines and settlements announced at the same time took the total bill on the day above $6bn. The new sum now brings the total bill for the foreign exchange scandal, one of the most expensive in banking history, to around $10bn. Barclays, RBS, JPMorgan and Citigroup are pleading guilty to criminal charges, while UBS has pleading guilty to Libor rigging, since the manipulation violated previous agreements. Traders at the banks used electronic chatrooms, describing themselves as "The Cartel", to manipulate currency benchmarks, making large profits at the expense of customers. Barclays is firing eight employees as part of their settlements, it said.
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